Mental Clarity

Formula Purposes & Benefits

Mental Clarity is formulated to boost cognitive function, mental clarity, focus, immune function, and energy production.

Formula Ingredient Deck	Benefits Of Each Ingredient
Vitamin A	Supports vision health, skin health, immune health, and increases antioxidant support (182, 183). Supports antioxidant function via decreased inflammatory cytokines (inflammation), decreased reactive oxygen species, and increased l-glutathione production (master antioxidant) (182,183). Supports visual health via increased amounts of plasma vitamin A in macular (eye) tissues (182,183).
Vitamin C	Supports immune, cardiovascular, skin, cognitive, fat burning, and digestive health (97, 98). Supports immune health via increased oxidant, free radical scavenging, and fueling neutrophilic (immune cell) activity in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing (97,98). Supports fat burning by increasing carnitine biosynthesis (molecule required for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation) (97,98). Supports accelerate bone healing after a fracture, increase type I collagen synthesis, and reduce oxidative stress (inflammation) (98).
Vitamin D	Supports exercise performance, immune health, muscle growth, optimal bone health, hormonal health, immune function, increased sexual health, cardiovascular health, glucose tolerance, strength, and positive mood (77,78,79). Supports hormonal health via high amounts of vitamin D receptor (VDR) activity in hormone-based negative feedback loop reactions (77,78). Supports cardiovascular health via improved absorption of calcium, reduced atherosclerotic activity, stimulating cardiomyocytes, and improved vascular health (77,78). Supports exercise performance via reduced exercise-associated inflammation and muscle damage (77,78). Supports sexual health via increased activity of Vitamin D receptor activity of testosterone production (79). Supports immune function via decreases of inflammatory cytokines and aiding immune cells (77,78). Supports joint health via regulating calcium and phosphorus and bone remodeling along with other calcium-regulating actions (77,78).
Vitamin E	Supports immune function, cognitive health, cardiovascular health, and bone health (204,205,206,207,208) Supports immune health via neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and increased T lymphocyte-mediated immune function (204). Supports cardiovascular health via reduced cholesterol (204). Supports cognitive function via reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage of neuronal tissues (208).
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)	Supports aerobic energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation), cell growth, optimal neuronal conduction (nerve impulses), and cardiovascular health (94). Supports cardiovascular function and aids as a neuroprotective agent in individuals with vitamin B-1 deficiencies (94, 95).
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)	Supports conversion and activation of other B vitamins, red blood cell production and serves as a cofactor for both glucose and fat metabolism (energy production) (92,93).
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)	Major B vitamin that supports cardiovascular health by inhibiting hepatic(liver) triglyceride synthesis, reducing very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and increasing HDL plasma concentrations (9). Reduces conversion of VLDL into LDL proteins and serum lipoprotein concentrations in plasma (blood) (9). Vital for regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair, and cell death (9). Supports healthy inflammatory response via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic (prevention of cell death) properties (9). Prevents pathologies(diseases) such as Pellagra and reduces prevalence of nervous anorexia, cancer, and crohn’s disease (10, 11). Supports sensitization of tumors to radiation via apoptosis (cell death) cascade of tumor mass and improves oxygen delivery to malignant tissues (cancer cells) (12). Supports cognitive health by reducing age-related decline of NAD+, increasing quinolinic acid and reducing neuroinflammation (9). Increased niacin associated NAD+ levels have been shown to increase neurotransmission, learning and memory (9). Niacin reduces the prevalence of neurodegenerative pathologies by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction (9).
Vitamin B6	Serves as a cofactor in more than 150 enzymatic reactions associated in blood sugar regulation, immunity, cardiovascular function, neuronal health, metabolic, and digestive health (38, 40). Reduces plasma glucose (blood sugar levels) via by inhibiting the activity of small-intestinal α-glucosidases (enzymes associated with glucose metabolism) (39). Functions as an antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (inflammatory markers) and advanced glycation end-products (38,40). May support blood sugar regulation in women with gestational diabetes (40). Cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA metabolism (40).
Folic Acid	May support proper cell growth and DNA synthesis (65).
Biotin	Supports conversion of food into cellular energy, hair health, skin health, and cognitive function (213,214). Enhances glucose breakdown into skeletal muscle tissue (213,214).
Vitamin B5	Supports energy production, cell growth, cell repair, cognitive function, increased hippocampal volume (memory), and optimized bioenergetics (burning of carbohydrates, fat, and protein) (96).
Calcium	Supports bone health, muscle function, and cardiovascular health (36,37). Regulates processes of bone resorption, mineralization, and fracture repair (36,37). Increases the effect of physical exercise on bone mineral acquisition in the period preceding puberty (36,37). Prevents the development of preeclampsia (36,37).
Iron	Supports red blood cell formation, immune function, and antioxidant support (215,216). May increases oxygen uptake into red blood cells of Iron deficient individuals (215,216). May support gut health of iron-deficient individuals. Combats anemia in Iron deficient individuals (217).
Magnesium	Supports optimal nerve function, muscle contractions, cardiovascular, bone health, and decreased anxiety (90,91). Supports biological reactions such as ATP-fueled reactions and pancreatic insulin secretion (90,91). Supports reduction systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and healthy HDL levels (90,91). Reduces peripheral cortisol levels in the CNS and supports relaxation and decreased anxiety (90,91).
Zinc	Supports immune function, skin health, cognitive function, and vision (172,173). Supports stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system (172,173). Supports the activation of lymphocytes and activation of innate and T cell-mediated immunity (172,173). Supports cognitive function by modulation of neuronal signaling in areas of the brain associated with memory and learning (hippocampus) (172,173).
Selenium	Supports antioxidant function, cardiovascular health, cognitive function, thyroid health, and immune health (145, 146). Combats atherosclerosis, high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), and type 1 diabetes (147). Supports thyroid health via decreased circulating thyroid autoantibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) (146). Increases the activity of selenoproteins that decrease reactive oxygen species (inflammation), increase natural killer activity, and increases glutathione (master antioxidant) levels (145,147).
Copper	Supports healthy blood sugar levels, energy metabolism and cholesterol management (143,144).
Manganese	Supports enzymatic antioxidant reactions, increased bone mineral density, and blood sugar regulation (148,149).
Chromium	Supports insulin function, reduced cholesterol, improved blood sugar regulation, and may lower cholesterol (218,219).
Molybdenum	Increases enzymatic reactions involved in sulfite metabolism and detoxification (150).
DMAE Bitartrate	Increases acetylcholine levels in the brain.
L-Glutamine	The most abundant amino acid in skeletal muscle that fuels immune cells, improves exercise recovery, and optimizes gut microbiome (18). Vital for lymphocyte (immune cell) proliferation (growth) and paramount in neutrophil (immune cell) destruction of bacteria (18). Vital for activation of genetic signals that support immune function and vitality (18). Glutamine is utilized by immune cells at high rates during catabolic conditions (post-surgery, sepsis, burns, and extreme exercise (18).
Glutamic Acid	Supports cognitive function and focus (220).
Green Tea Extract	A potent polyphenolic antioxidant that supports blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health (26). High in ECGC (epigallocatechin gallate) (26). ECGC is shown to reduce body fat mass, increase fat oxidation(burning) and increase caloric expenditure during exercise (25). Potent anti-inflammatory compound supporting glutathione production and inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers (cytokines) (26). Reduces oxidative stress (chronic inflammation in the body) (26).
Choline	Essential for cell membrane integrity, cell messaging, fat metabolism, DNA synthesis, immune support, and nervous system function (62,63). Serves as a methyl donor and as a precursor for the production of cell membranes (62). Precursor for acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) which activates receptors in the central nervous system-mediated immune responses (α7nAchR) (64). Lifelong choline supplementation may combat neurodegenerative diseases by reducing amyloid-β plaque load (plaques of degrading neurons) (62). Reduces the concentration of total homocysteine (inflammation marker) in individuals with low levels of folate and other B vitamins (B₂, B₆, and B₁₂) (62).
Inositol	Supports liver detoxification, combats metabolic syndrome, and aids as an antioxidant (221). Combats metabolic syndrome via reduced levels of triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol (221). Supports antioxidant function via reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers (interleukin 6) (222).
N-Acetyl Tyrosine	Supports memory, cognitive flexibility, the executive function of the brain, and convergent thinking (60). The precursor to dopamine and is vital for dopamine synthesis in the brain (60). Supports cognitive function in individuals with high amounts of stress and anxiety (60,61). Increases dopamine levels in highly stressed individuals (60).
Bilberry Fruit	Supports vision health, cardiovascular function, increased nitric oxide production, and antioxidant support (223,224).
Grape Seed Extract	Supports increased nitric oxide production, reduces blood pressure, reduces DNA damage, increases collagen production, increases bone strength, and aids as a neuroprotective agent (31). Supports antioxidant function via modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression, protection against oxidative damage, and reduced reactive oxygen species (31). Supports cardiovascular health via reduced atherosclerosis, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and improved endothelial vascular function (31).
Olive Leaf	Supports cardiovascular health, antioxidant function, and controlled blood sugar levels (224). Supports Cardiovascular health via reduction of systolic BP, LDL, and inflammatory biomarkers (224). Supports antioxidant function via anti-inflammatory polyphenols that protect against DNA damage initiated by free radicals (225). Combats major inflammatory pathways via anti-inflammatory change involving inflammation pathway (NF-κB inhibition) (225). Supports blood sugar regulation via improved insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell (cells responsible for secreting insulin) secretory capacity (226).
Licorice Root	Supports anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, and antimicrobial properties (177).
Boron	Supports increased bone mineral density, muscle function, hormonal balance, and immune function (180).
DHA (Fish Oil)	Vital for optimal cardiovascular, hormonal, immune, cognitive, digestive health, and recovery from exercise (73,74,76). Fish oil consumption of 6 grams per day has been shown to reduce inflammation, reduce muscle soreness, and reduced the perception of pain in exercising individuals (76). Increases skeletal muscle hypertrophy than individuals consuming only whey protein post-exercise (76). Supports cardiovascular health by decreasing atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis (plaque buildup), thrombosis, blood pressure, and supporting blood lipid profiles (cholesterol panel) (73,74,75). Lowers blood pressure via increased production nitric oxide production and induced endothelial relaxation (75). Supports healthy information by decreasing c-reactive protein (inflammatory markers) in the body and increasing insulin sensitivity (75,76). Supports cognitive health by increasing the concentration of omega 3 fatty acids in the cell membranes of the cerebral cortex and synaptic vesicles (76).
Vanadyl Sulfate	Supports blood sugar regulation via improved insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function (cells that produce insulin) (227).
Phosphatidylserine	Supports cognitive function, memory, and focus, and reduced stress (228,229). Reduces prevalence of short-term memory loss in ADHD patients improved prefrontal cortex (PFC) pyramidal cells function (228). Increases dopamine and acetylcholine release via maintenance of acetylcholine supply (228). Reduces cortisol levels in the frontal Brian regions during stressful activity (228,229).
Huperzine A	Supports cognitive function, memory, focus, and combats neurodegenerative disease (230). Combats neurodegenerative disease via improvement of cognitive function, daily living activity, and global clinical assessment in participants with Alzheimer’s disease (230).

Proper Use of This Supplement

Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement take two (2) veggie capsules once a day. For best results take 20-30 minutes before a meal with an 8 oz glass of water, or as directed by your health care professional.

Our Formula Vs Other Formulas on the Market.
1. Uses third-party independently tested ingredients that are made in the USA, GMP certified, NSF certified and made in an FDA registered facility.	1. Source cheap ingredients from heavily polluted soils. Even “organic” supplements not third-party tested have been removed by FDA due to high levels of heavy metals.
2. Uses high-quality nutraceuticals in an effective evidence-based and efficaciously dosed formula.	2. Uses cheap sources of nutraceuticals that contain high amounts of fillers, heavy metals, and is formulated without evidence-based dosages.

Serving Size: 2 Capsules;
Capsules Per Container: 60;
Bottle Color: White;
Bottle Size: 175cc;
Lid Color: White

* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Sources:

9. Gentilcore D. (2016). Louis Sambon and the Clash of Pellagra Etiologies in Italy and the United States, 1905-14. Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, 71(1), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrv002

10. Kirkland J. B. (2009). Niacin status and treatment-related leukemogenesis. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 8(4), 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0042

11. Hoskin, P., Rojas, A., & Saunders, M. (2009). Accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen, and nicotinamide (ARCON) in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer: mature results of a Phase II nonrandomized study. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 73(5), 1425–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1950

12. Dording, C. M., Schettler, P. J., Dalton, E. D., Parkin, S. R., Walker, R. S., Fehling, K. B., Fava, M., & Mischoulon, D. (2015). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2015, 949036. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/949036

18. Salinas-Casado, J., Esteban-Fuertes, M., Carballido-Rodríguez, J., & Cozar-Olmo, J. M. (2020). Review of the experience and evidence of Pygeum africanum in urological practice. Revisión sobre la experiencia y evidencias del Pygeum africanum en Urología. Actas urologicas espanolas, 44(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuro.2019.08.002

25. Rothenberg, D. O., Zhou, C., & Zhang, L. (2018). A Review on the Weight-Loss Effects of Oxidized Tea Polyphenols. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(5), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051176

26. Bogdanski, P., Suliburska, J., Szulinska, M., Stepien, M., Pupek-Musialik, D., & Jablecka, A. (2012). Green tea extract reduces blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress and improves parameters associated with insulin resistance in obese, hypertensive patients. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 32(6), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.007

31. Sochorova, L., Prusova, B., Cebova, M., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Adamkova, A., Nedomova, S., Baron, M., & Sochor, J. (2020). Health Effects of Grape Seed and Skin Extracts and Their Influence on Biochemical Markers. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(22), 5311. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225311

36. Khaing, W., Vallibhakara, S. A., Tantrakul, V., Vallibhakara, O., Rattanasiri, S., McEvoy, M., Attia, J., & Thakkinstian, A. (2017). Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 9(10), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101141

37. Courteix, D., Jaffré, C., Lespessailles, E., & Benhamou, L. (2005). Cumulative effects of calcium supplementation and physical activity on bone accretion in premenarchal children: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. International journal of sports medicine, 26(5), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821040

38. Ueland, P. M., McCann, A., Midttun, Ø., & Ulvik, A. (2017). Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways. Molecular aspects of medicine, 53, 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.08.001

39. Bird R. P. (2018). The Emerging Role of Vitamin B6 in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Advances in food and nutrition research, 83, 151–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.004

40. Mascolo, E., & Vernì, F. (2020). Vitamin B6 and Diabetes: Relationship and Molecular Mechanisms. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(10), 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103669

60. Hoffer, L. J., Sher, K., Saboohi, F., Bernier, P., MacNamara, E. M., & Rinzler, D. (2003). N-acetyl-L-tyrosine as a tyrosine source in adult parenteral nutrition. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 27(6), 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607103027006419

61. Ipson, B. R., & Fisher, A. L. (2016). Roles of the tyrosine isomers meta-tyrosine and ortho-tyrosine in oxidative stress. Ageing research reviews, 27, 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.005

62. Velazquez, R., Ferreira, E., Knowles, S., Fux, C., Rodin, A., Winslow, W., & Oddo, S. (2019). Lifelong choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology and associated cognitive deficits by attenuating microglia activation. Aging cell, 18(6), e13037. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13037

63 Jadavji, N. M., Emmerson, J. T., MacFarlane, A. J., Willmore, W. G., & Smith, P. D. (2017). B-vitamin and choline supplementation increases neuroplasticity and recovery after stroke. Neurobiology of disease, 103, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.001

65. Bailey, L. B., Stover, P. J., McNulty, H., Fenech, M. F., Gregory, J. F., 3rd, Mills, J. L., Pfeiffer, C. M., Fazili, Z., Zhang, M., Ueland, P. M., Molloy, A. M., Caudill, M. A., Shane, B., Berry, R. J., Bailey, R. L., Hausman, D. B., Raghavan, R., & Raiten, D. J. (2015). Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development-Folate Review. The Journal of nutrition, 145(7), 1636S–1680S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.206599

73. Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits. Annual review of food science and technology, 9, 345–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850

74. Ghasemi Fard, S., Wang, F., Sinclair, A. J., Elliott, G., & Turchini, G. M. (2019). How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 59(11), 1684–1727. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978

75. Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits. Annual review of food science and technology, 9, 345–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850

76.VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, Stratton MT, Moriarty T, Kerksick CM, Mangine GT, Holmes AJ, Lee M, Endito MR, Mermier CM. Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 27;12(8):2246. doi: 10.3390/nu12082246. PMID: 32727162; PMCID: PMC7468920

77. Chang, S. W., & Lee, H. C. (2019). Vitamin D and health – The missing vitamin in humans. Pediatrics and neonatology, 60(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.04.007

78. Zhang, Y., Fang, F., Tang, J., Jia, L., Feng, Y., Xu, P., & Faramand, A. (2019). Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 366, l4673. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4673

79. Pilz, S., Frisch, S., Koertke, H., Kuhn, J., Dreier, J., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Wehr, E., & Zittermann, A. (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 43(3), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269854

90. Boyle, N. B., Lawton, C., & Dye, L. (2017). The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(5), 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050429

91. Verma, H., & Garg, R. (2017). Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 30(5), 621–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12454

92. Thakur, K., Tomar, S. K., Singh, A. K., Mandal, S., & Arora, S. (2017). Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(17), 3650–3660. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104

93. Suwannasom, N., Kao, I., Pruß, A., Georgieva, R., & Bäumler, H. (2020). Riboflavin: The Health Benefits of a Forgotten Natural Vitamin. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(3), 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030950

94. DiNicolantonio, J. J., Niazi, A. K., Lavie, C. J., O’Keefe, J. H., & Ventura, H. O. (2013). Thiamine supplementation for the treatment of heart failure: a review of the literature. Congestive heart failure (Greenwich, Conn.), 19(4), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/chf.12037

95. Saedisomeolia, A., & Ashoori, M. (2018).Thiamine in Human Health: A Review of Current Evidences. Advances in food and nutrition research, 83, 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.002

96. Ragaller, V., Lebzien, P., Südekum, K. H., Hüther, L., & Flachowsky, G. (2011). Pantothenic acid in ruminant nutrition: a review. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 95(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01004.x

97. Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

98. DePhillipo, N. N., Aman, Z. S., Kennedy, M. I., Begley, J. P., Moatshe, G., & LaPrade, R. F. (2018). Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Collagen Synthesis and Oxidative Stress After Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Review. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 6(10), 2325967118804544. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118804544

143. Gombart, A. F., Pierre, A., & Maggini, S. (2020). A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients, 12(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236

144. Heffernan, S. M., Horner, K., De Vito, G., & Conway, G. E. (2019). The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11(3), 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030696

145. Wang, N., Tan, H. Y., Li, S., Xu, Y., Guo, W., & Feng, Y. (2017). Supplementation of Micronutrient Selenium in Metabolic Diseases: Its Role as an Antioxidant. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2017, 7478523. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7478523

146. Wichman, J., Winther, K. H., Bonnema, S. J., & Hegedüs, L. (2016). Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 26(12), 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0256

147.Benstoem, C., Goetzenich, A., Kraemer, S., Borosch, S., Manzanares, W., Hardy, G., & Stoppe, C. (2015). Selenium and its supplementation in cardiovascular disease–what do we know?. Nutrients, 7(5), 3094–3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053094

148. Tuschl K, Mills PB, Clayton PT. Manganese and the brain. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;110:277-312. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-410502-7.00013-2. PMID: 24209443.

149. Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE. The Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 24;11(3):696. doi: 10.3390/nu11030696. PMID: 30909645; PMCID: PMC6471179.

150. Mendel RR. The molybdenum cofactor. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13165-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.455311. Epub 2013 Mar 28. PMID: 23539623.

172. Maywald, M., Wessels, I., & Rink, L. (2017). Zinc Signals and Immunity. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(10), 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102222

173. Wessels, I., Rolles, B., & Rink, L. (2020). The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712

177. Kwon, Y. J., Son, D. H., Chung, T. H., & Lee, Y. J. (2020). A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings. Journal of medicinal food, 23(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4459

180. Khaliq, H., Juming, Z., & Ke-Mei, P. (2018). The Physiological Role of Boron on Health. Biological trace element research, 186(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1284-3

182. Eggersdorfer, M., & Wyss, A. (2018). Carotenoids in human nutrition and health. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 652, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001

183. Sunkara, A., & Raizner, A. (2019). Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal, 15(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-15-3-179

204. Jovic, T. H., Ali, S. R., Ibrahim, N., Jessop, Z. M., Tarassoli, S. P., Dobbs, T. D., Holford, P., Thornton, C. A., & Whitaker, I. S. (2020). Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19?. Nutrients, 12(9), 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092550

205. Traber, M. G., & Atkinson, J. (2007). Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free radical biology & medicine, 43(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024

206. Wu, D., & Meydani, S. N. (2014). Age-associated changes in immune function: impact of vitamin E intervention and the underlying mechanisms. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 14(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530314666140922143950

207. De la Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Victor, V. M., & Arnalich, F. (2008). Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free radical research, 42(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760801898838

208. Browne, D., McGuinness, B., Woodside, J. V., & McKay, G. J. (2019). Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far?. Clinical interventions in aging, 14, 1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S186760

213. Mock DM. Biotin: From Nutrition to Therapeutics. J Nutr. 2017 Aug;147(8):1487-1492. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.238956. Epub 2017 Jul 12. PMID: 28701385; PMCID: PMC5525106.

214. Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017 Aug;3(3):166-169. doi: 10.1159/000462981. Epub 2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28879195; PMCID: PMC5582478.

215. Cappellini, M. D., Musallam, K. M., & Taher, A. T. (2020). Iron deficiency anaemia revisited. Journal of internal medicine, 287(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13004

216. Paganini, D., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2017). The effects of iron fortification and supplementation on the gut microbiome and diarrhea in infants and children: a review. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(Suppl 6), 1688S–1693S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.156067

217. Andrews, S. C., Robinson, A. K., & Rodríguez-Quiñones, F. (2003). Bacterial iron homeostasis. FEMS microbiology reviews, 27(2-3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00055-X

218. Maret W. (2019). Chromium Supplementation in Human Health, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes. Metal ions in life sciences, 19, /books/9783110527872/9783110527872-015/9783110527872-015.xml. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110527872-015

219. Suksomboon, N., Poolsup, N., & Yuwanakorn, A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 39(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12147

220. Bojesen, K. B., Broberg, B. V., Fagerlund, B., Jessen, K., Thomas, M. B., Sigvard, A., Tangmose, K., Nielsen, M. Ø., Andersen, G. S., Larsson, H., Edden, R., Rostrup, E., & Glenthøj, B. Y. (2021). Associations Between Cognitive Function and Levels of Glutamatergic Metabolites and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Antipsychotic-Naïve Patients With Schizophrenia or Psychosis. Biological psychiatry, 89(3), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.027
Inositol

221. Tabrizi R, Ostadmohammadi V, Lankarani KB, Peymani P, Akbari M, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. The effects of inositol supplementation on lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2018 May 24;17(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0779-4. PMID: 29793496; PMCID: PMC5968598

223. Chan, S. W., & Tomlinson, B. (2020). Effects of Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(7), 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071653

224.Chan, S. W., & Tomlinson, B. (2020). Effects of Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(7), 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071653

224. Ismail MA, Norhayati MN, Mohamad N. Olive leaf extract effect on cardiometabolic profile among adults with prehypertension and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2021 Apr 7;9:e11173. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11173. PMID: 33868820; PMCID: PMC8035902.

225. Boss A, Bishop KS, Marlow G, Barnett MP, Ferguson LR. Evidence to Support the Anti-Cancer Effect of Olive Leaf Extract and Future Directions. Nutrients. 2016 Aug 19;8(8):513. doi: 10.3390/nu8080513. PMID: 27548217; PMCID: PMC4997426.

226. de Bock M, Derraik JG, Brennan CM, Biggs JB, Morgan PE, Hodgkinson SC, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57622. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057622. Epub 2013 Mar 13. PMID: 23516412; PMCID: PMC3596374.

227. Missaoui S, Ben Rhouma K, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Tebourbi O. Vanadyl sulfate treatment stimulates proliferation and regeneration of beta cells in pancreatic islets. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:540242. doi: 10.1155/2014/540242. Epub 2014 Aug 19. PMID: 25215302; PMCID: PMC4156977.

228. Hirayama, S., Terasawa, K., Rabeler, R., Hirayama, T., Inoue, T., Tatsumi, Y., Purpura, M., & Jäger, R. (2014). The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association, 27 Suppl 2, 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12090

229. Kim, H. Y., Huang, B. X., & Spector, A. A. (2014). Phosphatidylserine in the brain: metabolism and function. Progress in lipid research, 56, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2014.06.002

230. Yang G, Wang Y, Tian J, Liu JP. Huperzine A for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 23;8(9):e74916. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074916. PMID: 24086396; PMCID: PMC3781107.